oping simultaneously." When the tumor was removed, the traits also disappeared.

Other investigators have also pointed to a possible link between an excess of female hormone and a relatively rare type known as the "eunuchoidal passive homosexual."

Today, few investigators believe thut homosexuality as such is directly produced by inherited or constitutional factors. Many acknowledge, however, that some predisposition may exist which our instruments of research are not yet sensitive enough to detect.

Unfortunately, too too little research has been done to render conclusive findings.

Only two studies have suggested the possibility of inherited factors. One, by Lang in 1940, found that homosexuality seemed to run in families.

Another was the famous study on twins by Dr. Franz Kallmann. Kallmann compared a group of forty homosexuals who were one on a pair of identical twins with forty-five homosexuals who had non-identical twin brothers.

Identical twins which come from a single egg-have exactly the same inheritance. Non-identical twins on the other hand come from two separate eggs and their common inheritance is not necessarily greater than that of ordinary brothers or sisters.

In the case of the forty-five non-identical twins, Kallmann found, just under half of the brothers displayed overt homosexual traits.

In the case of the forty identical twins, however, all the twin brothers were similar in regard to the degree of homosexuality exhibited. Dr. Kallmann also declared that, as far as he could discover, these twins had developed the condition quite independently

and, in some cases, had not even been brought up together.

This suggested a possible inherited or genetic factor, since environmental conditioning alone could not explain this difference between identical and non-identical twins. However, this study by itself is not conclusive.

Investigators who have tried to discover differences in body-build. in chromosomes or nuclear sex, or in hormone production have generally come up with negative results.

Several studies claimed to have found a difference in body build. but their procedures have been called into question and later studies have disputed their findings.

On a number of occasions, the amount of hormone excreted by various types of individuals has been measured. No evidence that there was a different hormonal balance in heterosexuals or homosexuals as a group was ever found.

In addition, those physicians who have used hormone therapy have invariably found that giving male sex hormone to a homosexual does not change the direction of his sex drive, although it may have considerable effect upon the strength of his sex drive.

In other words, a male homosexual given male sex hormone would actually have his homosexual inclinations made stronger. Injections of female sex hormone would weaken his sex désires and ability, while also having a feminizing effect on his body, but would not cause him to change his sexual orientation toward the opposite sex.

Castration which would deprive the individual of the glands which produce sex hormones-has also not caused a change in sexual orientation, though it has had many other effects upon the body and upon sexual desire and ability.

mattachine REVIEW

One of the most convincing types of evidence that a person does not become a homosexual primarily because of constitutional factors has been experience with persons who actually have bodily characteristics of both sexes. In many cases, where confusion existed at birth, an individual has been assigned a certain sex and brought up in accordance with this assignment.

This of course indicates that psychological conditioning, particularly in the early formative years, seems to be the major factor in determining the sex rôle of an individual.

This is the dominant approach held by most students of the problem today, although many of them also admit that there are possible constitutional factors which may predispose certain indviduals more easily to conditioning in the direction of homosexuality.

In many instances, it was discovered at puberty that the assigned sex had really been an error. Thus, it might. be found However, there are many difthat a child raised as a boy possessed female internal organs-rering points of view even among those who believe that basically an ovary, womb, etc. homosexuality is a product of personality-development and conditioning. The sharpest divergence is found between the psychoanalytic groups and the Kinsey investigators. These views will be explored in a second article.

However, in most cases it was found that the individual's sex psychology and sex orientation depended not on his actual body sex, but on the sex to which he was assigned and brought up.

PART II: Is homosexuality a symptom of personality disturbanceor a conditioned response that is not necessarily immature or neurotic?

S pointed out in the first

article, sharp differences of opinion exist concerning the nature and causes of homosexuality.

One of the difficulties which has prevented investigators from coming closer to agreement has been the lack of any exact knowledge about the extent of homosexual behavior.

. Are we, for example, discussing a problem which affects the hand. ful of men who are seen in the prison or hospital clinics, and in the private offices of psychiatrists?

Or are we discussing a type of behavior which has involved a large percentage of males and takes in untold numbers of men whom the average psychiatrist never has occasion to observe?

"Until the extent of any type of human behavior is known," said the Kinsey investigators, "it is difficult to assess its significance. or understand its biological or 80cial origins."

Havelock Ellis estimated that the incidence of homosexuality ranged from two to five per cent for males and double that for females.

Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, on the basis of a questionnaire he had sent out, estimated that perhaps 2.3 per cent of all males were exclusively homosexual and 3.4 per cent were bisexual. However, it was pointed out, of his sample 51 per cent never answered the questionnaires.